7 Popular Septic Systems and Which Suits Your Home 

If your home isn’t hooked up to a municipal sewer line, you probably rely on a septic system to handle wastewater. In this case, the type of septic setup you choose – including whether you want the cheapest septic system or a more advanced option –  and how well you maintain it can have a big impact on your home’s value, your wallet, and even local groundwater.

In this post, we’ll break down how the most common types of septic systems work, including maintenance tips, costs, and best use cases, so that you can make a confident, long-term choice for your home.

What Is a Septic System and How Does It Work?

A septic system is an underground wastewater treatment structure used in areas without municipal sewer service. It treats and disposes of household wastewater safely, protecting both your property and local groundwater. According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), more than 20% of homes use septic systems.

Here’s how a typical system functions:

1. Wastewater flows from toilets, sinks, showers, and appliances into a buried septic tank.
2. Solids settle at the bottom (sludge), while oils and grease float to the top (scum).
3. Liquid effluent exits into a drain field, sand filter, or alternative treatment system.
4. Soil filtration and bacteria remove pathogens and nutrients before water reenters the groundwater.

Septic systems vary widely in design. Factors like soil type, lot size, slope, and local regulations influence which system is best for your home.

7 Most Popular Septic System Types and Their Costs

Below are seven different types of septic systems homeowners most commonly use today. Each offers unique benefits, costs, and site requirements.

1. Conventional Gravity Septic System

The most widely installed design, the conventional gravity septic system uses natural downhill flow to distribute effluent into a gravel-filled drain field.

• Best For: Properties with deep, well-draining soils and adequate space.
• Pros: Affordable, simple design, low ongoing maintenance.
• Cons: Requires a slope and suitable soil percolation; unsuitable for high groundwater areas.
• Cost Range: Typically $3,000 to $8,000, depending on tank size and site prep.
  

2. Chamber Septic System

Chamber systems replace gravel trenches with prefabricated plastic chambers. They’re popular where gravel is scarce or expensive.

• Best For: Sites with fluctuating water tables or minimal gravel availability.
  
• Pros: Lightweight, easy installation, and good for variable soil.
  
• Cons: Chambers may shift in unstable soils; slightly higher initial cost.
  
• Cost Range: Around $3,500 to $10,000.

3. Mound Septic System

When native soil is too shallow or the water table is high, a mound system is built above ground. A sand mound is constructed to filter effluent before it reaches groundwater.

• Best For: Properties with shallow soil, high groundwater, or poor natural drainage.
  
• Pros: Effective in challenging sites; reduces groundwater contamination risk.
  
• Cons: Requires more land area, a visible mound may affect yard aesthetics, and maintenance is essential.
  
• Cost Range: $10,000 to $20,000.

4. Aerobic Treatment Unit (ATU)

Aerobic systems add oxygen to encourage bacteria to break down waste, similar to municipal plants. Effluent is treated more thoroughly, which allows discharge in smaller or poor-soil sites.

• Best For: Small lots, poor soil, or environmentally sensitive areas.
  
• Pros: Produces cleaner effluent; works on challenging sites.
  
• Cons: Higher cost ($7,000 to $15,000+), requires electricity and routine inspections.
  
• Maintenance Tip: Pumps, aerators, and alarms need periodic servicing — budget for annual inspections.

5. Drip Distribution System

A drip distribution septic system utilizes tubing to distribute effluent evenly into the shallow soil. A pump chamber, filtration, and timed dosing controls are necessary.

• Best For: Properties with limited slope or shallow soils.
  
• Pros: Requires less excavation; can fit into landscaping.
  
• Cons: Higher installation and maintenance costs due to advanced components.
  
• Cost Range: $8,000 to $18,000.

6. Constructed Wetlands System

This eco-friendly design routes effluent through artificial wetlands planted with vegetation. Microbes and plants naturally treat wastewater.

• Best For: Large properties in mild climates where aesthetics matter.
  
• Pros: Environmentally conscious, visually appealing, and a potential wildlife habitat.
  
• Cons: Large space requirement, climate-sensitive performance, and more complex permitting.
  
• Cost Range: $10,000 to $25,000+.

7. Sand Filter System

Sand filter systems pump effluent through a sand bed before dispersing it to a drain field. They are excellent for small lots or poor soils.

• Best For: Homes with limited space or unsuitable native soil.
  
• Pros: High treatment quality, adaptable to various terrains.
  
• Cons: A more expensive option and requires pumping.
  
• Cost Range: $6,000 to $12,000. 

How to Pick the Right Septic System for Your Home

Selecting between different types of septic systems requires a thoughtful evaluation of your property and long-term needs:

1. Conduct a soil percolation test. Your county health department or licensed contractor can perform this to assess drainage capacity.
   
2. Check local regulations. Some municipalities restrict certain systems or require specific designs.
   
3. Consider the lot size and slope. Larger properties with good soil may do well with a conventional gravity system. Small or steep lots might benefit from ATUs or drip systems.
   
4. Evaluate your budget. Costs range widely. Basic gravity systems are cheaper than aerobic or constructed wetlands.
   
5. Factor in maintenance. An ATU may cost more upfront, but it saves land space and performs better in poor soils.
   
6. Think long-term. Installation mistakes or unsuitable systems can lead to costly repairs. Consider partnering with experienced professionals for installation.

Need guidance? Renovate can help you connect with licensed septic contractors to evaluate your options.

Tips to Keep Your Septic System Running Smoothly

Proper maintenance extends your septic system’s lifespan and prevents expensive repairs:

• Pump your tank every three to five years. Per EPA guidelines, skipping pumps can clog your drain field and cause backups.
  
• Inspect annually. Catch minor issues — like a failing baffle — before they become significant problems.
  
• Conserve water. Fix leaky faucets and use water-efficient fixtures to avoid overloading your system.
  
• Protect your drain field. Don’t park vehicles or build structures on top of it. Plant only shallow-rooted grass.
  
• Avoid harsh chemicals. Household cleaners, bleach, and solvents can kill helpful bacteria.
  
• Space out laundry loads. Large volumes of wastewater in one day can overwhelm the system.
  
• Respond quickly to warning signs. Foul odors, soggy patches, or slow drains could indicate trouble. Review our guide on septic tank repair costs for more information.
  

Environmental and Cost Considerations

Choosing between the types of septic systems isn’t just about compliance — it can protect the environment and your wallet:

• Groundwater Safety: Poorly treated effluent can contaminate drinking water. Systems like ATUs or sand filters provide higher treatment in sensitive areas.
  
• Energy Use: Aerobic systems require power, while gravity-fed systems use none — factor in your utility costs.
  
• Future Resale Value: Future buyers may value advanced systems in areas with strict environmental rules.
  
• Long-Term Savings: Installing the right system reduces repair risks. Mound or drip systems may cost more initially, but prevent groundwater contamination fines.

Understanding how many types of septic systems there are — from gravity-fed septic systems to constructed wetlands — helps homeowners to make wise decisions for their property. A poorly chosen system can result in thousands of dollars in repairs, while the right one can safeguard your property and the environment.

Before deciding between your septic tank options, review local codes, conduct soil tests, and consult with experienced professionals. At Renovate, we make it easy to connect with trusted septic experts who can assist you in this decision. Get started by filling out a short online form with details about your septic needs.

With proper installation and regular care, your septic system can operate efficiently for decades — saving you money, protecting groundwater, and keeping your home running smoothly.